Friday, September 29, 2023

The Magic Brocade - Tale from China

       NARRATOR 1:  Once in China there lived an old widow and her son, Chen. The widow was known all over for the brocades that she made on her loom.

NARRATOR 4:  Weaving threads of silver, gold, and colored silk into her cloth, she made pictures of flowers, birds, and animals—

NARRATOR 2:  pictures so real they seemed almost alive.

NARRATOR 3:  People said there were no brocades finer than the ones the widow wove.

NARRATOR 1:  One day, the widow took a pile of brocades to the marketplace, where she quickly sold them. Then she went about buying her household needs.

NARRATOR 4:  All at once she stopped.

WIDOW:  Oh, my!

NARRATOR 2:  Her eye had been caught by a beautiful painted scroll that hung in one of the stalls.

NARRATOR 3:  It showed a marvelous palace, all red and yellow and blue and green, reaching delicately to the sky. All around were fantastic gardens, and walking through them, the loveliest maidens.

NARRATOR 1:  The stall keeper asked,

STALL KEEPER:  Do you like it? It’s a painting of Sun Palace. They say it lies far to the east and is the home of many fairy ladies.

WIDOW:  (sighs) It’s wonderful. It makes me want to be there. (pays and takes it)

NARRATOR 4:  Though it cost most of her money, the widow could not resist buying the scroll.

NARRATOR 2:  When she got back to her cottage, she showed it to her son.

WIDOW:  Look, Chen. Have you ever seen anything more beautiful? How I would love to live in that palace, or at least visit it!

NARRATOR 3:  Chen looked at her thoughtfully.

CHEN:  Mother, why don’t you weave the picture as a brocade? That would be almost like being there.

WIDOW:  Why, Chen, what a marvelous idea! I’ll start at once.

NARRATOR 1:  She set up her loom and began to weave.

NARRATOR 4:  She worked for hours, then days, then weeks, barely stopping to eat or sleep. Her eyes grew bloodshot, and her fingers raw.

CHEN:  (anxiously) Mother, shouldn’t you get more rest?

WIDOW:  Oh, Chen, it’s so hard to stop. While I weave, I feel like I’m there at Sun Palace. And I don’t want to come away!

NARRATOR 2:  Because the widow no longer wove brocades to sell, Chen cut firewood and sold that instead.

NARRATOR 3:  Months went by, while inch by inch the pattern appeared on the loom.

NARRATOR 1:  One day, Chen came in to find the loom empty and the widow sobbing.

CHEN:  (in alarm) What’s wrong, Mother?

NARRATOR 4:  She looked at him tearfully.

WIDOW:  (plaintively) I finished it.

NARRATOR 2:  The brocade was laid out on the floor. And there it all was—the palace reaching to the sky, the beautiful gardens, the lovely fairy ladies.

CHEN:  (in amazement) It looks so real. I feel like I could step into it!

NARRATOR 3:   Just then, a sudden wind whipped through the cottage. It lifted the brocade, blew it out the window, and carried it through the air.

NARRATOR 1:  The widow and her son rushed outside, only to watch the brocade disappear into the east.

WIDOW:  It’s gone!

NARRATOR 4:  And the widow fainted away.

NARRATOR 2:  Chen carried her to her bed and sat beside her for many hours.

NARRATOR 3:  At last her eyes opened.

WIDOW:  (weakly) Chen, you must find the brocade and bring it back. I cannot live without it.

CHEN:  Don’t worry, Mother. I’ll go at once.

NARRATOR 1:  Chen gathered a few things and started to the east.

NARRATOR 4:  He walked for hours, then days, then weeks. But there was no sign of the brocade.

NARRATOR 2:  One day, Chen came upon a lonely hut.

NARRATOR 3:  Sitting by the door was an old, leather-skinned woman smoking a pipe. A horse was grazing nearby.

OLD WOMAN:  Hello, deary. What brings you so far from home?

CHEN:  I’m looking for my mother’s brocade. The wind carried it to the east.

OLD WOMAN:  Ah, yes. The brocade of Sun Palace! Well, that wind was sent by the fairy ladies of the palace itself. They’re using the brocade as a pattern for their weaving.

CHEN:  But my mother will die without it!

OLD WOMAN:  Well, then, you had best get it back! But you won’t get to Sun Palace by foot, so you’d better ride my horse. It will show you the way.

CHEN:  Thank you!

OLD WOMAN:  Oh, don’t thank me yet, deary. Between here and there, you must pass through the flames of Fiery Mountain. If you make a single sound of complaint, you’ll be burnt to ashes. After that, you must cross the Icy Sea. The smallest word of discontent, and you’ll be frozen solid. (with a hard look) Do you still want to go?

CHEN:  (daunted yet determined) I must get back my mother’s brocade.

OLD WOMAN:  (approvingly) Good boy. Take the horse and go.

NARRATOR 1:  Chen climbed on, and the horse broke into a gallop. Before long they came to a mountain all on fire.

NARRATOR 4:  Without missing a step, the horse started up the slope, leaping through the flames.

NARRATOR 2:  Chen felt the fire singe his skin, but he bit his lip and made not a sound.

NARRATOR 3:  At last they came down the other side. When they’d left the flames behind, Chen was surprised to find that his burns were gone.

NARRATOR 1:  A little later, they came to a sea filled with great chunks of ice.

NARRATOR 4:  Without pausing a moment, the horse began leaping from one ice floe to another.

NARRATOR 2:  Waves showered them with icy spray, so that Chen was soaked and shivering. But he held his tongue and said not a word.

NARRATOR 3:  Finally they reached the far shore. At once, Chen felt himself dry and warm.

NARRATOR 1:  It wasn’t long then till they came to Sun Palace. It looked just like his mother’s brocade!

NARRATOR 4:  He rode to the entrance, sprang from the horse, and hurried into a huge hall.

NARRATOR 2:  Sitting there at looms were dozens of fairy ladies, who turned to stare at him, then whispered to each other excitedly. On each loom was a copy of his mother’s brocade, and the brocade itself hung in the center of the room.

NARRATOR 3:  A lady near the door rose from her loom to meet him.

LI-EN:  (graciously) My name is Li‑en, and I welcome you. You are the first mortal ever to reach our palace. What good fortune brings you here?

NARRATOR 1:  The fairy was so beautiful that for a moment Chen could only stare.

NARRATOR 4:  Li‑en gazed shyly downward.

CHEN:  Dear lady, I have come for my mother’s brocade.

LI-EN:  (looks up at him in delight) So you are the widow’s son! How we admire that brocade! None of us has been able to match it. We wish to keep it here till we can.

CHEN:  But I must bring it home, or my mother will die!

NARRATOR 2:  Li‑en looked alarmed, and a flurry of whispers arose in the room.

NARRATOR 3:  She stepped away to speak softly with several others, then returned to Chen.

LI-EN:  We surely must not let that happen to her. Only let us keep the brocade for the rest of the day, so we can try to finish our own. Tomorrow you may take it back with you.

CHEN:  (joyfully) Thank you, dear lady!

NARRATOR 1:  The fairies worked busily to finish their brocades. Chen sat near Li‑en at her loom.

NARRATOR 4:  As she wove, he told her about his life in the human world, and she told him about hers at Sun Palace. Many smiles and glances passed between them.

NARRATOR 2:  When darkness fell, the fairies worked on by the light of a magic pearl.

NARRATOR 3:  At last Chen’s eyes would stay open no longer, and he drifted to sleep on his chair.

NARRATOR 1:  One by one the fairies finished or left off, and went out of the hall.

NARRATOR 4:  Li‑en was the last one there, and it was almost dawn when she was done. She cut her brocade from the loom and held it beside the widow’s.

LI-EN:  (sighs) Mine is good, but the widow’s is still better. If only she could come and teach us herself.

NARRATOR 2:  Then Li‑en had an idea. With needle and thread, she embroidered a small image onto the widow’s brocade—an image of herself on the palace steps.

NARRATOR 3:  She softly said a spell. Then she left the hall, with a last long smiling gaze at Chen.

NARRATOR 1:  When Chen awoke, the sun was just rising. He looked around the hall for Li‑en, but saw no one. Though he longed to find her to say good‑bye, he told himself,

CHEN:  I must not waste a moment.

NARRATOR 4:  He rolled up his mother’s brocade, rushed from the hall, and jumped onto the horse.

NARRATOR 2:  Back he raced, across the Icy Sea,

NARRATOR 3:  and over Fiery Mountain.

NARRATOR 1:  When he reached the old woman’s hut, she was standing there waiting for him.

OLD WOMAN:  Hurry, Chen! Your mother is dying! Put on these shoes, or you’ll never get there in time.

NARRATOR 4:  Chen put them on.

NARRATOR 2:  One step, two, three, then he was racing over the countryside faster than he could believe possible.

NARRATOR 3:  In no time, he was home.

NARRATOR 1:  He rushed into the cottage and found the widow in bed, pale and quiet.

CHEN:  (in alarm) Mother!

NARRATOR 4:  Her eyes opened slowly.

WIDOW:  (weakly) Chen?

CHEN:  Mother, I brought it.

NARRATOR 2:  He unrolled the cloth onto the bed.

WIDOW:  My brocade!

NARRATOR 3:  The widow raised herself to look. Color came back to her face, and she seemed already stronger.

WIDOW:  Chen, I need more light. Let’s take it outside.

NARRATOR 1:  He helped her out of the cottage and placed the brocade on a rock.

NARRATOR 4:  But just then a sudden wind came, and the brocade rose slowly in the air.

NARRATOR 2:  It stretched as it rose, growing larger and larger, till it filled their view completely.

NARRATOR 3:  The palace was as large as Chen himself had seen it, and standing on the steps was the fairy lady Li‑en.

LI-EN:  (beckoning with her hand) Quickly! While the wind still blows! Step into the brocade!

NARRATOR 1:  For a moment, Chen was too astounded to move. Then he took hold of his mother’s arm, and together they stepped forward.

NARRATOR 4:  There was a shimmering, and there they stood before Sun Palace.

NARRATOR 2:  Li‑en rushed up to them, and the other fairies gathered around. She said to the widow,

LI-EN:  Welcome, honored one. If it pleases you, we wish you to live with us and teach us the secrets of your craft.

WIDOW:  (in amazed delight) Nothing could please me more! But, Chen, is it all right with you?

NARRATOR 3:  Chen looked in Li‑en’s eyes and smiled.

CHEN:  Yes, Mother, it’s just fine with me.

NARRATOR 1:  So the widow became teacher to the fairies,

NARRATOR 4:  and Chen became husband to Li‑en.

NARRATOR 2:  And people say there are no brocades finer

NARRATOR 3:  than the ones they weave at Sun Palace.

About the author

Aaron Shepard is an accomplished author known for his works in children’s literature and storytelling. Born on October 7, 1950, in California, Shepard developed a passion for stories at an early age. He pursued a career in writing and storytelling, earning a reputation for his engaging adaptations of traditional tales and folklore from various cultures.

Summary

"The Magic Brocade: A Tale of China" by Aaron Shepard is a retelling of a traditional Chinese folktale that emphasizes perseverance, familial love, and hard work. In the story, an old widow in China, known for weaving lifelike silk brocades, lives with her son, Chen. She becomes obsessed with re-creating an ideal landscape from a painting she finds in the marketplace. After the mother completes the beautiful brocade depicting the Sun Palace, fairies from the palace send a wind to take the brocade so they can copy it. As she is unable to live without her creation, the weaver's son embarks on a hazardous journey to retrieve it.

Answer in a sentence

1. Where does the fairies dwell?

2. Why does Chen go to the Sun Palace?

3. Mention a few cultural values reflected in “The Magic Brocade”.

Paragraph

1. What challenges does Chen face on his journey to retrieve the brocade, and how does he overcome them?

2. Describe the role of Fairies in the Sun Palace.

Essay

1. Analyse the themes of familial love in “The Magic Brocade”.

2. Narrate the hazardous journey embarked by Chen which tests his filial piety.

     The tale "The Magic Brocade" is retlod by Aaron Shepard in "The Pieces of Chuang Brocade. It is a story about a widowed weaver.





         The widow lived with her son Chen. She wove brocades on rich fabric. Brocade is a woven cloth with embroidery using threads of silver, gold and silk. When the mother sold her brocades in the market, she saw a picture of the magnificent Sun Palace. She wished to live in such a palace. Her son encouraged her to weave the design. With her supreme dexterity, she created a beautiful Brocade depicting the Sun Palace. 

                               

    Suddenly a strong wind swept through the house and took her brocade away. It flew over the hill and disappeared. The widow was heartbroken and fainted. She asked her son to search for it.

    After travelling for more than a month, Chen saw an old woman with whom he shared his story. The woman said that fairies took it as they liked it. She gave her horse which knew the way to the Fairies' land. 

    The Fairies set fire on the mountain to stop his chase. Yet, he passed through it and then reached a shore. Then he came to  Sun Palace which looked like his mother's brocade. 

                            


    A Lady named Li-en rose from her loom while other Fairies were busy weaving. He asked for his mother's brocade. The Fairies wished to keep the brocade with them. They worked on in the darkness by the light of a magic pearl. Li-en explained to him about the Sun Palace. Chen fell asleep. When he woke up, he saw the brocade lying beside him. The Fairies were gone. So he took it and raced across the icy sea and over the fiery mountain. 

    At his cottage, he unrolled the brocade. His mother placed the brocade on a rock. A sudden wind changed the brocade into Sun Palace. As Li-en loved the brocade, she sewed herself into his mother's work. She married Chen and lived happily ever in the new home.

Monday, September 25, 2023

Robert Frost’s “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening,”

Whose woods these are I think I know.  

His house is in the village though;  

He will not see me stopping here  

To watch his woods fill up with snow.  

 

My little horse must think it queer  

To stop without a farmhouse near  

Between the woods and frozen lake  

The darkest evening of the year.  

 

He gives his harness bells a shake  

To ask if there is some mistake.  

The only other sound’s the sweep  

Of easy wind and downy flake.  

 

The woods are lovely, dark and deep,  

But I have promises to keep,  

And miles to go before I sleep,  

And miles to go before I sleep.

About the Author

Robert Frost (1874-1963) was an American poet renowned for his depictions of rural New England life and his command of American colloquial speech. Frost's work frequently explored complex social and philosophical themes using everyday language and settings. He won four Pulitzer Prizes for Poetry and became one of America's best-loved poets. His poetry often delves into the human experience, nature, and the struggles and beauty found within both.

Summary

"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening" is one of Robert Frost's most famous poems, first published in 1923 in his collection New Hampshire. The poem describes a tranquil scene where the narrator stops to watch the snow falling in the woods. It begins with the speaker noting the woods and their owner, who lives in the village. The narrator is captivated by the serene and silent beauty of the snow-filled woods. Despite the allure of the peaceful setting, the speaker is reminded of responsibilities and promises that he must keep. The poem ends with the famous lines, "And miles to go before I sleep," emphasizing the journey and duties that lie ahead despite the temptation to stay in the tranquil woods.     

Paragraph

1. How does the poet describe the snowy wood?

Robert Frost employs vivid and evocative imagery to capture the serene beauty of the snowy woods. He describes the scene with phrases like "the woods are lovely, dark and deep," and "watch his woods fill up with snow," painting a picture of a tranquil, untouched landscape. The imagery of "easy wind and downy flake" further enhances the sense of quiet and calm, creating a peaceful atmosphere that invites the reader to share in the narrator's moment of reflection and awe at the natural world. This use of imagery not only sets the scene but also underscores the allure and tranquility that nature offers, contrasting sharply with the busyness of human life.

2.     What does the poem suggest about the relationship between nature and human obligations?

The poem suggests a tension or balance between enjoying nature's beauty and fulfilling one's duties. The line "And miles to go before I sleep" is highly significant as it encapsulates the central theme of balancing beauty and responsibility. The repetition of this line emphasizes the narrator's awareness of his obligations and the journey he must continue despite the allure of the peaceful woods. It serves as a reminder that while the moment of rest and contemplation in nature is tempting, the narrator cannot abandon his duties. This line reflects the universal human experience of being torn between the desire to escape into moments of tranquility and the need to fulfill life's responsibilities. It resonates with readers as a metaphor for the commitments and promises that drive us forward, even when we long for rest.

Essay

1. Discuss the theme of duty versus desire in Frost's poem

2. Explain how the physical journey through the woods mirrors a metaphorical or existential journey.       

 Robert Frost’s “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening,” indicates that the mundane life of humans restricts them even to spending time with nature.



 The speaker rides a horse through the woods in evening. He stops to watch the snowfall. The owner of the woods in the village wouldn’t know that a bystander is there.   

The poet personifies the speaker’s horse. The horse must “think it queer”— to stop at a place with no farmhouse. He is wondering why they stop in between the frozen lake and snowy woods on the dark night of the year. He shakes his bells asking if there is a “mistake”.

The poet visualises the pristine beauty of the place perceived through the senses of sight and sound. The speaker hears the fall of the snow and the sweep of the wind. The poet describes the woods – lovely, dark, and deep. 

Although the speaker wishes to admire the woods, the pull of responsibilities drags him outside of the woods.

“But I have promises to keep,

And miles to go before I sleep,

And miles to go before I sleep.”

The metaphorical meaning of the lines is that one should not get distracted by the charm when there is a pile of duties to be fulfilled before one’s death.

Wednesday, September 20, 2023

Novel

Definition

The novel is a genre of fiction. It is a prose narrative of considerable length and certain complexity. It deals imaginatively with human experience. Through a connected sequence of events involving a group of persons in a specific setting, it reveals the story of a protagonist. The term novel is derived from the Italian novella meaning “a little new thing”.  

Origin

A novel as a genre developed at the time of the introduction of paper and innovation in printing by Johannes Gutenberg in 1439. Recent technological developments led to novels being published in non-print media such as audiobooks, web novels and eBooks. The earliest novels include classical Greek and Latin prose narratives from the first century BC to the second century AD, such as Chariton's Callirhoe (mid-1st century),  PetroniusSatyriconLucian's True StoryApuleiusThe Golden Ass, and the anonymous Aesop Romance and Alexander Romance. In the 14th Century,  there were collections of novelle(a kind of enlarged anecdote) like  Boccaccio’s Decameron. The modern European novel is often said to have begun with Don Quixote in 1605, a chivalric romance filled with adventures of a knight-errant with heroic qualities, who undertakes a quest.

Features

  1. Plot – The series of events having a logical connection with the theme
  2. Characterisation – qualities revealed through narration, action, monologue, soliloquy, and dialogue

a) Flat – uncomplicated and does not change in the course of action

            b) Round – complex personality undergoing development

      c) Type – the representative of a group/class/region

           d) Individual – having peculiar or special habits, qualities

    3. Setting – general locale and the historical time in which the action occurs.

   4. Point of View – signifies the perceptive through which the reader is presented with the story. 

                                   Simply it is who tells the story.

            Harper Lee’s To kill a Mocking bird  - first-person narrative

            Toni Morison’s Beloved – third-person narrative

5.       5. Narrative Techniques – methods and literary devices used to tell the story - backstory, flashback,          flash-forward, and foreshadowing

                               a)    Linear - follows a chronological order of narration

      Charles Dickens's Great Expectations

b)    Non-Linear –  multiple plot lines and timelines woven together 

Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights

William Faulkner’s The Sound and the Fury

c)     Descriptive – create a vivid image of the story in the reader’s mind

Madeline Miller’s The Song of Achilles 

Types of Novels

Novels are categorised into various types based on the style – picaresque, epistolary, Gothic, romantic, realistic, historical and so on.

· The Picaresque Novel is a form of adventure. The Spanish word picaro means “rogue”, a social outcast. A string of independent episodes tells the adventures and journey of a younger son of a good family.

                     Lazarillo de Tormes(1554)

                     Alain Rene Lesage’s Gil Blas

                     Thomas Nash’s The Unfortunate Traveller(1594)

                     Defoe’s Moll Flanders

                     Smollett’s Reoderick Random

                     Fielding’s Tom Jones

  •     Gothic Novel is a novel of horror based on the supernatural. The Greek term Goths refers to the Germanic tribe and then the medieval type of architecture. The fiction evokes chilling terror by exploiting mystery, cruelty and horror.

                    Horace Walpole’s  Castle of Otranto (1764)

                    Ann Radcliff’s The Mysteries of Udolpho (1794)

                    Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein (1817)

                    Jane Austen’s Northanger Abbey

  • Realistic Fiction presents an accurate imitation of life as it is. It deals with the ordinary experiences of the protagonist from the middle class.

                    Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe

      · Psychological Novel brings the reader into direct contact with the human mind. There is complete elimination of action and logical connection.

                    Richardson’s Clarissa

                    Lawrence Sterne’s Tristram Shandy

  • Historical Novel tries to reproduce the life of a bygone age. Historical events merely form the background for the plot.

                    Sir Walter Scott’s Kenilworth

                    Charles Dickens’ A Tale of Two Cities

  • Epistolary Novel is written as a series of letters between the fictional characters of a narrative. The Greek word epistole means “letter”.

                        Richardson’s Pamela

  • Utopian novel represents an ideal political state and way of life. The Greek term eutopia means “good place”

                    Sir Thomas More’s Utopia (1515)

                    Samuel Butler’s Erewhon (1872)

  • Dystopian novel represents a very unpleasant imaginary world.

                    Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World

                    George Orwell’s 1984

  • Satiric fiction ridicules the human follies and absurdities.

                    Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels

                    Thomas Love Peacock’s Nightmare Abbey

  • · Science Fiction explores the marvels of discovery and scientific development.

                    Michael Crichton’s The Andromeda Strain

  • Bildungsroman Fiction explores the journey(from childhood to adulthood) in which the protagonist develops morally and psychologically (or immaturity to maturity).

                    J.D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye

                    Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

        · Autobiographical Novel is based on the personal experiences and subjective observations of the novelist.

                      Dostoevsky’s The Idiot

                      Bunyan’s Grace Abounding (1666)

    · Novel of Social Reform draws the attention of the readers to the social evils.

                    Charles Dickens’ Pickwick Papers

                    Galsworthy’s Forsyste Saga

                    Richardson’s Amelia

                    Joseph Conrad’s Lord Jim