Louis Althusser was a Marxist thinker from France who tried to explain how the State controls people in modern society. He said that the State does not control people only by force, but also by ideas and beliefs. State Apparatus and Repressive State Apparatus According to Althusser, the State Apparatus includes the government, administration, army, police, courts and prisons. He calls these the Repressive State Apparatus because they mainly use violence or the threat of violence to control people. This repression can be physical, like arrest and jail, or non‑physical, like certain strict administrative actions. Ideological State Apparatuses (ISAs) Althusser then introduces another idea called Ideological State Apparatuses (ISAs). ISAs are institutions in society that look separate and normal, but they spread the ruling class’s ideas. He gives an open list of ISAs: Religious ISA: churches and other religious organisations. Educational ISA: schools, colleges, ...